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Late Responses
Nerve conduction studies are most often used to assess distal nerve segments, with routine stimulation seldom done above the elbow or knee. Few studies can be easily performed to assess the more proximal nerve segments (plexus and roots). In the arm, surface stimulation can be performed proximally in the axilla and at Erb’s point, although technical factors limit these studies, especially at Erb’s point. Needle stimulation of the roots is needed to study proximal nerve segments but has significant technical limitations. In the electromyography (EMG) laboratory, two late responses, the F response and the H reflex, are used routinely to study the more proximal nerve segments. Each has its advantages and limitations ( Table 4.1 ). Although both are usually thought of as assessing only the proximal nerve segments, they travel the entire nerve segment from distal to proximal and back. Thus they are most useful when routine nerve conduction studies, which assess distal segments, are normal and the late responses are abnormal, a situation that implies a proximal lesion.
Table 4.1
Late Responses: F Response and H Reflex.
| F Response | H Reflex | |
|---|---|---|
| Afferent | Motor | Sensory (Ia muscle spindle) |
| Efferent | Motor | Motor |
| Synapse | No | Yes |
| Nerves studied | All | Tibial-soleus (median-FCR, femoral-quads) |
| Stimulation | Supramaximal | Submaximal, long-duration pulse (1 ms) |
| Configuration | Usually polyphasic Amplitude 1%–5% CMAP Varies with each simulation |
Triphasic and stable At low stimulation intensity, H is present without M As stimulation is increased, H and M increase At high stimulation, H decreases and M increases |
| Measurements | Minimal latency Chronodispersion Persistence |
Minimal latency H/M ratio (maximal H/maximal M amplitude) |
| Major uses | Early Guillain-Barré syndrome C8–T1, L5–S1 radiculopathy Polyneuropathy Internal control (entrapment neuropathy) |
Early polyneuropathy S1 radiculopathy Early Guillain-Barré syndrome Tibial and sciatic neuropathy, sacral plexopathy |
| Normal values | ≤32 ms median/ulnar a ≤56 ms peroneal/tibial a Compare to F estimate Compare symptomatic to asymptomatic side Chronodispersion <4 ms (median/ulnar) <6 ms (peroneal/tibial) Persistence >50% |
≤34 ms a Leg length nomogram Height nomogram ≤1.5 ms difference side to side H/M ratio ≤50% |
| Miscellaneous | In normals, peroneal F waves may be absent or impersistent F responses may be absent in sleeping or sedated patients F responses may be absent with low-amplitude distal CMAPs May be enhanced by Jendrassik maneuver |
Electrical correlate of the ankle jerk Must be present if ankle jerk is present May be present even if ankle jerk is absent May be enhanced by Jendrassik maneuver |
CMAP , Compound muscle action potential; FCR , flexor carpi radialis.
a Assumes median height, normal conduction velocity, and distal latency.
F Response
The F response is a late motor response that occurs after the compound muscle action potential (CMAP; which is also known as the direct motor [M] potential) ( Fig. 4.1 ). The F response derives its name from the word “foot” because it was first recorded from the intrinsic foot muscles. In the upper extremity, when the median or ulnar nerves are stimulated at the wrist, the F response usually occurs at a latency of 25–32 ms. In the lower extremity, when the peroneal or tibial nerves are stimulated at the ankle, the F response usually occurs at a latency of 45–56 ms. If the stimulator is moved proximally, the latency of the CMAP increases as expected, but the latency of the F response actually decreases ( Fig. 4.2 ). This is due to the circuitry of the F response, which is initially antidromic toward the spinal cord. Thus with more proximal stimulation, the action potential has less distance to travel, hence the shorter latency. During a routine motor nerve conduction study, one usually thinks of the action potential as traveling down the nerve across the neuromuscular junction to subsequently depolarize the muscle. When stimulated, however, the nerve conducts well in both directions. The F response is derived by antidromic travel up the nerve to the anterior horn cell, with backfiring of a small population of anterior horn cells, resulting in orthodromic travel back down the nerve past the stimulation site to the muscle ( Fig. 4.3 ). The F response is actually a small CMAP, representing 1%–5% of the muscle fibers. The F response circuitry, both afferent and efferent, is therefore pure motor. There is no synapse, so it is not a true reflex. In conditions that selectively affect the sensory nerves or sensory nerve roots, the F responses are completely normal.
Each F response varies slightly in latency, configuration, and amplitude because a different population of anterior horn cells is activated with each stimulation. Presumably, the shortest latency represents the largest and fastest conducting motor fibers. Several measurements can be made on the F responses, with the most common being the minimal (or fastest) F response latency ( Fig. 4.4 ). F wave persistence is a measure of the number of F waves obtained per the number of stimulations. Normal F wave persistence is between 80% and 100% and always above 50%, with the exception of the peroneal F responses (see later). F wave chronodispersion is a measure of the difference between the minimal (fastest) and maximal (slowest) F response latency. Normal chronodispersion is up to 4 ms in the upper extremities and up to 6 ms in the lower extremities. F responses can be obtained from any motor nerve. The only notable exception to this is the peroneal nerve, wherein F responses may be difficult to elicit sometimes even in normal subjects. Note also that F responses may be absent or impersistent in all nerves in sleeping or sedated patients. In these situations, absent or impersistent F responses are not necessarily a sign of pathology. F responses are best obtained with distal stimulation. With proximal stimulation, they often are superimposed on the terminal CMAP and may be more difficult to identify.
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