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Forceps-Aided Birth
Description
Forceps-aided birth is a method of assisting or expediting vaginal vertex birth through the application of obstetric forceps. Operative vaginal birth can be faster and safer than cesarean birth in many cases. There is a greater chance of success in delivering the fetus vaginally with forceps-assisted techniques that with vacuum methods. Discussion here is limited to low or outlet forceps with the fetus presenting within 45 degrees of directly occiput anterior ( Box 280.1 ).
BOX 280.1
Classification of Forceps-Aided Birth
Outlet Forceps
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Fetal scalp is visible at the introitus without separating the labia.
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Fetal skull has reached the pelvic floor.
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Fetal head is at or on perineum.
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Sagittal suture is in an anteroposterior diameter or within 45 degrees of this axis.
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Rotation does not exceed 45 degrees.
Low Forceps
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Leading point of the fetal skull is at station +2 cm or more but not on the pelvic floor.
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Without rotation: Rotation is 45 degrees or less to achieve occiput anterior or occiput posterior birth position.
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With rotation: Rotation is greater than 45 degrees.
Mid-Forceps
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Fetal head is engaged but above +2 station.
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