Cranial nerves, overview

a N. olfactorius [I]
b N. opticus [II]
c N. oculomotorius [III]
d N. trochlearis [IV]
e N. trigeminus [V]

  • N. ophthalmicus [V/1]

  • N. maxillaris [V/2]

  • N. mandibularis [V/3]

f N. abducens [VI]
g N. facialis [VII]
h N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII]
i N. glossopharyngeus [IX]
j N. vagus [X]
k N. accessorius [XI]
l N. hypoglossus [XII]

Cranial nerves, functions (fibre qualities)

(GSE) General somatic-efferent: innervation of the skeletal muscles (III, IV, VI, XII)
(GVE) General visceral-efferent: innervation of visceral and vascular smooth muscles and glands (III, VII, IX, X)
(SVE) Special visceral-efferent: innervation of the facial muscles, masticatory muscles, larynx, pharynx, oesophagus, M. sternocleidomastoideus, M. trapezius (V, VII, IX, X, XI)
(GVA) General visceral-afferent: information from viscera and blood vessels (IX, X)
(SVA) Special visceral-afferent: taste (VII, IX, X)
(GSA) General somatic-afferent: pain, temperature, information via mechanoreceptors of the skin and musculoskeletal system (V, VII, IX, X)
(SSA) Special somatic-afferent: smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium/balance (VIII)

Cranial nerves

N. olfactorius [I]

The Fila olfactoria are collectively known as the N. olfactorius . They constitute the peripheral neuron of the olfactory pathway.

Origin olfactory cells of the Regio olfactoria
Passage through the cranial base Lamina cribrosa
Passage through the dura mater Lamina cribrosa
Entry point into the brain Bulbus olfactorius
Innervation areas mucosa (olfactory epithelium) at the roof of the nasal cavity, the upper nasal concha and the upper part of the nasal septum

N. opticus [II]

The N. opticus is not a peripheral nerve but a part of the diencephalon.

Origin Stratum ganglionare of the retina
Pathway in the dura mater Vagina nervi optici
Passage through the cranial base Canalis opticus
Other visible pathway Chiasma opticum, continuation of fibres in the Tractus opticus, Corpus geniculatum laterale
Innervation area retina

N. oculomotorius [III]

Nuclei (quality)
  • Nucleus nervi oculomotorii (paired main and unpaired accessory nucleus) (GSE)

  • Nucleus accessorius nervi oculomotorii (GVE) → Ganglion ciliare

Exit point from the brain Fossa interpeduncularis of the mesencephalon
Location in the subarachnoid space Cisterna basalis, Cisterna interpeduncularis
Entry point into the dura mater roof of the Sinus cavernosus
Exit point from the dura mater Fissura orbitalis superior
Passage through the cranial base Fissura orbitalis superior (medial part, within the Anulus tendineus)
Innervation areas motor: M. levator palpebrae superioris, Mm. recti superior, medialis and inferior, M. obliquus inferior parasympathetic: M. ciliaris, M. sphincter pupillae (via Ganglion ciliare)
Adjunct nerves sensory fibres of the N. nasociliaris (V/1) sympathetic fibres of the Plexus ophthalmicus

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