Acknowledgment The author acknowledges substantial use of material from previous editions by Avery Weiss. Conjunctivitis is the most common infectious disease of the eye in childhood. It is useful to separate conjunctivitis into acute infection (abrupt onset, lasting less than…
Ophthalmia neonatorum is defined as conjunctivitis occurring within the first month of life. It is the most common eye disease of neonates, with an incidence ranging 1.6%–12%. Incidence is directly related to the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in…
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the contribution of K. Gutierrez to this chapter in prior editions. Transient synovitis (TS) is a self-limited inflammation of the synovium, usually of the hip joint. TS is a common cause of acute onset of limping…
Diskitis is an inflammatory process involving the intervertebral disks and the end plates of the vertebral bodies. It is associated with characteristic clinical and radiologic findings, but information about diskitis is derived primarily from case reports and retrospective studies of…
Infectious arthritis in children can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Pyogenic arthritis is characterized by a purulent inflammatory response, usually caused by a bacterial infection. Reactive (inflammatory) arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints that can result…
Osteomyelitis is inflammation of bone. It is usually caused by bacteria but occasionally by fungi. Osteomyelitis in children has a mainly hematogenous origin; less commonly, it occurs as a result of trauma, surgery, or spread from infected contiguous soft tissue.…
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common in children. They usually are recognized easily and treated with few residual long-term problems. However, myositis, pyomyositis, and necrotizing fasciitis are soft tissue infections that can be difficult to diagnose in their…
Acknowledgment The author acknowledges the use of substantial material from this chapter in the previous edition. Infection of soft tissues can involve the skin, subcutaneous tissues, fascia, and skeletal muscle or a combination of these structures. The subcutaneous compartment is…
Papules, nodules, and ulcers are primary lesions of the skin with a variety of infectious and noninfectious causes ( Tables 72.1 and 72.2 ). A papule is a raised superficial lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter whose…
Urticaria and erythema multiforme (EM) are common cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions seen in children. They can be triggered by infection, although noninfectious causes also are prevalent. Although distinctly different entities, acute urticaria often is misdiagnosed as EM. Although urticaria usually is…