Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge substantial use of material from this chapter in the previous edition. The use of medical devices has increased dramatically over recent decades, with significant impact on the quality and duration of life in affected patients. In…
A healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is defined as any infection not present or incubating at the time of the patient’s initial contact with a healthcare setting. Originally termed nosocomial, hospital-acquired, or hospital-onset infections, the scope of HAI has expanded as patients…
Approximately 20%–30% of pediatric cancer patients with fever and neutropenia have a clinically or microbiologically proven site of infection. Table 98.1 summarizes documented infections identified in three large clinical trials of empirical antibiotic therapy administered to patients admitted to the…
Infection remains a major cause of morbidity in children with cancer. Fever and neutropenia are among the most common complications of cancer therapy in children. The use of empiric antimicrobial regimens in this patient population began with the observation that…
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) has broad indications in pediatrics, including treatment of cancer, primary immunodeficiency syndromes, bone marrow failure syndromes, hemoglobinopathies, and an assortment of genetic conditions, including inborn errors of metabolism and nonmalignant conditions such as osteopetrosis. Patients…
Solid-organ transplantation (SOT) is an accepted therapy for end-stage disease of many organs. As transplants are increasingly common, an expanding number of immunosuppressed children are at risk for developing infection after transplantation. This chapter will help establish a framework regarding…
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Laura Sass and M. Gary Karlowicz for their extensive work on the previous edition of this chapter. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality for infants cared for in…
Neonates, like older children and adults, are subject to viral infections acquired by horizontal routes, such as those due to influenza, rotavirus, and enteroviruses. In addition, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is a unique route for vertical spread of viruses in the…
Description of Pathogens Neonatal sepsis accounts globally for approximately 3 million cases annually with a mortality of between 11% and 19%. These figures are derived from several high-income and a few low-income countries, thus, the true impact is significantly higher.…
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