Historical Introduction to Vaccines At the end of 2019, a novel human pathogen was first identified in China and resulted in a pandemic that posed the greatest infectious threat that humans had encountered in modern times. The virus responsible for…
Factors That Affect Therapy for Treatment of COVID-19 Symptoms Symptoms of COVID-19 are many , ; some of them are as mild as those of normal influenza and others quite severe. Treatment provided to a patient with mild COVID-19 symptoms…
Evolution of Therapeutic Approaches The deadly novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread like wildfire across the entire world in the first exceptionally severe pandemic of the 21st century. Humanity had…
OUTLINE Introduction, 268 Clinical Manifestations, 268 History, 269 Physical Examination, 269 Pulmonary, 269 Ear, Nose, and Throat, 269 Neurological, 269 Gastrointestinal, 269 Diagnostic Workup and Investigation, 269 Laboratory Evaluation, 269 Imaging, 271 Consultation, 271 Management, 271 Symptomatic Support, 271 Home…
In this chapter, antiparasitic therapy is organized into five categories: (1) agents active against luminal protozoans, (2) agents active against the kinetoplastid protozoans, (3) agents active against malarial parasites, (4) antibacterial agents with antiprotozoan activity, and (5) anthelmintics. These divisions…
In 1963, idoxuridine became the first antiviral compound to be licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the topical treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. This was followed shortly by licensure of amantadine in 1966 as…
Topical antimicrobial therapy dates to ancient times when a wide variety of substances such as grease, lint oil, wine, and metallic salts were applied to wounds. Since then, topical antibiotics have been developed. They are most frequently used to treat…
Fungal infections in children generally can be divided into superficial infections that affect persons with normal immune systems and invasive infections that occur primarily in children who are immunocompromised. Children can be immunocompromised due to genetic defects, pre-term birth, hematopoietic…
Antibacterial agents, their mechanism of action, spectrum of antibacterial activity, patterns of antibiotic resistance, and current clinical use are presented in this chapter. Fig. 292.1 summarizes the main sites of antibacterial agent activity. Chapter 289 provides the principles regarding the…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledgment contributions of Michael D. Reed to this chapter in previous editions. As clinicians continuously strive to practice evidence-based medicine, the use of antibiotics can be frustratingly empiric. Ethical concerns, multiple confounding variables, and unclear endpoints hamper…