Introduction Cutaneous melanoma is the fifth and seventh most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States in men and women, respectively, for 2014 ( ). In other countries, such as Australia, cutaneous melanoma has reached epidemic proportions. Although it is…
Introduction HER2 Receptor The HER2/neu proto-oncogene is located in chromosome 17q11-q21 ( ). In physiological conditions, this gene encodes a glycoprotein with molecular mass of 185 kDa (p185), named HER2 receptor or HER2 protein. HER2 and three structurally related tyrosine…
Introduction Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that arise from precursors of the gastrointestinal tract connective tissue. Approximately 70% of GISTs are located in the stomach, 20% in the small bowel, and 5% in the rectum ( ).…
Brain Metastasis Overview Clinical Presentation Brain metastasis occurs in approximately 25% of all cancer patients. The most common primary cancers include lung and breast cancers ( Table 14.1 ) ( ). Brain metastasis incidence has been rising and this may…
Introduction Chemotherapy has been the mainstay of systemic treatment of malignancy but due to matters largely concerning the blood–brain-barrier and heterogeneity of the tumors it has been largely ineffective in the management of brain metastasis. Instead, surgery and radiation therapy…
Introduction Metastatic melanoma is a chemotherapy refractory disease and historical treatment options have been limited. Dacarbazine was once considered the standard systemic treatment despite a response rate of only 5–15% and having never demonstrated an improvement in survival ( ).…
Introduction Malignant melanoma (MM) causes most deaths among patients with skin cancer. Up to the end of 2010, the incidence of melanoma in Beijing (China) was 0.89/100,000, which was much lower than that in many Western countries (such as the…
Introduction Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the eight most common cancers throughout the world. The incidence of esophageal cancer varies worldwide with the highest rates in Eastern Asian and Southern African countries and the lowest rates in Western Africa,…
Introduction Hydrogen Sulfide You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Introduction Melanoma is a disease of melanocytes, the cells of our skin that produce melanin. Because abnormal growth of melanocytes can be readily followed by visual observation of the skin, early stage melanoma tumors can be easily detected and after…