Abstract Lyme disease, caused by infection with spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi complex, is the most common arthropod-borne infection in the United States. The spirochetes are transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex, which…
Acknowledgments I want to thank the companies of Baxter, Novartis, Pfizer, and GSK for providing information including data and graphics. In particular, Dr. Dieter Gniel was very helpful in sharing his vast experience on TBE. Abstract For a long time,…
Abstract Before 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) received little attention outside Africa, Asia, and Europe, where it caused an endemic, mosquito-borne febrile illness and sporadic encephalitis. After the dramatic emergence of WNV in New York City in 1999, the virus…
Abstract Arboviruses are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. Half of the world’s population live in areas endemic for arboviruses, which cause significant morbidity and mortality in both developed and…
Acknowledgment The author acknowledges the work of Kis Robertson, Nina Marano, and Katherine J. Johnson on this chapter in the previous edition. Abstract Rabies has been recognized as a source of great human suffering and fear since ancient times. Characterized…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the work of Michael James Babineaux and Miriam J. Alter on this chapter in the previous edition. Abstract Viral hepatitis is caused by infection with five distinctly different human viruses that cannot be distinguished from one…
Abstract Infection with the gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi ( S . Typhi) or S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A, B, or C ( S. Paratyphi A, B, or C) may result in a serious febrile illness known as enteric…
Abstract Vibrio cholerae is a noninvasive small intestinal pathogen that produces cholera toxin, resulting in severe acute watery diarrhea in humans. Vibrio are gram-negative bacteria that live in marine and freshwater environments, and the O1 and O139 serogroups of V.…
Abstract Acute diarrhea associated with travel is referred to as travelers’ diarrhea (TD) and is the most frequent illness among travelers. TD is defined as an acute illness associated with an increase in frequency and change in stool form (loose…
Abstract Yellow fever (YF) is a vector-borne disease resulting from the transmission of the YF virus to a human from the bite of an infected mosquito. It is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America. Infection in humans can…