Chronic hepatitis is a clinical and pathologic syndrome associated with a wide variety of diseases and conditions ( Table 60.1 ). , Chronic hepatitis typically is defined as ongoing injury with inflammation lasting ≥6 months. However, the impact of inflammation…
Acute hepatic inflammation in children can have many infectious and noninfectious causes ( Table 59.1 ). Acute liver injury of various causes results in a limited number of clinical manifestations and findings. This chapter covers the evaluation and diagnosis of…
More than 200 known pathogens and noninfectious agents can be transmitted through ingestion of food or water contaminated with viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, metals, chemicals, or prions, or through contact with animals or their environments. Enteric disease is one of…
Acknowledgments The author acknowledges substantial use of the work of David A. Blanco and Harpreet Pall from the previous edition of this chapter. Inflammatory enterocolitis is a pathologic diagnosis characterized by ileal, colonic, and/or rectal inflammation that can range from…
Viral agents are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis—a syndrome of acute vomiting and diarrhea associated with inflammation of the stomach and small and large intestines. Among children, viral gastroenteritis remains a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality…
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the contributions of L. K. Pickering to previous editions. Most infections of the gastrointestinal tract manifest as diarrhea , a clinical syndrome of diverse origin associated with frequent loose or watery stools often accompanied by emesis,…
Sexual abuse is the persuasion or coercion of a child to engage in sexually explicit conduct. In 2018, sexual abuse accounted for 7% of the 677,529 children in the US found to be either abused or neglected. It is estimated…
Epididymitis Epididymitis, an inflammatory reaction of the epididymis to infectious or noninfectious stimuli, occurs across a wide age range in pediatric patients and may present in combination with testicular inflammation (epididymo-orchitis). Predisposing factors, clinical presentation, and etiologies differ by age…
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the ascension of microorganisms through the female genitourinary tract system. Historically PID has been linked to sexually transmitted disease (STD) pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae , but other organisms…
Clinicians will encounter urethritis in adolescent and young adult (AYA) men and women as well as other lower genital tract syndromes in females, including vulvovaginitis and cervicitis. Although there are multiple etiologies, these syndromes are commonly caused by sexually transmitted…