Acknowledgement The author acknowledges substantial contributions of Gail J. Demmler-Harrison to this chapter in previous editions. Adenoviruses are relatively small, nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the family Adenoviridae (from adenos, the Greek word meaning “gland”). They were first isolated…
In 1872, Moritz Kaposi, a Hungarian dermatologist, first described in five men an aggressive, pigmented, multicentric sarcoma of the skin that disseminated to multiple sites. It was rare and received little attention until similar lesions were observed in African children…
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous herpesvirus of humans, was discovered in 1964. The causal relationship between EBV and infectious mononucleosis (IM) was observed in 1968. The spectrum of associated infections ranges from asymptomatic to self-limited mononucleosis in healthy hosts to…
Human Herpesvirus 6 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) was first isolated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of adults with lymphoproliferative diseases and HIV infection and was named human B-lymphotropic virus. When additional isolates were identified in CD4 + lymphocytes, further characterization…
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects most individuals worldwide. In immunocompetent individuals, CMV causes mild to no symptoms but can cause significant disease in immunocompromised patients. Congenital CMV is the most common infection in newborns worldwide and is…
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that is related most closely to herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. Primary infection with VZV causes varicella, commonly called chickenpox. VZV establishes latent infection in dorsal root and cranial ganglia and can reactivate…
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses. The large DNA viruses have a short reproductive cycle, rapidly produce lytic infection in tissue culture, and remain latent in sensory neural ganglia.…
The family Herpesviridae contains three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. , The eight known human herpesviruses are represented in six genera, which are shown with the typical characteristics of the subfamilies in Table 203.1 . TABLE 203.1 Members of Herpesviridae…
Despite the eradication of smallpox as a human pathogen, several poxviruses remain clinically significant, including monkeypox, vaccinia (i.e., virus used for smallpox vaccination), molluscum contagiosum, and several relatively uncommon zoonotic viruses. Concern about smallpox as a bioterrorist weapon also has…
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