15.1 The Gut's Brain The enteric nervous system (ENS) was first referred to as “the brain-in-the-gut” in a 1981 issue of the Annual Review of Physiology. Its status as an independent integrative nervous system, which determines motility and secretory behavior…
14.1 Introduction The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the only internal organ with its own nervous system, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is concealed entirely within the gut wall and can function fully independently of any neural inputs…
Acknowledgments My research has been consistently funded by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. This review is dedicated to all students, post docs, technicians, research assistants, and research…
Abbreviations ENS enteric nervous system NSC neural stem cell CNS central nervous system NCSC neural crest stem cells ENP enteric neuronal progenitor ES cell embryonic stem cell ICC interstitial cells of Cajal iPS cell induced pluripotent stem cell LMMP longitudinal…
Acknowledgments LAS, MMH, and DFN are supported by NHMRC Australia grants 1079234, 1071153, and 1069757, respectively, and the research of TU and HE is supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology Science Research Funds Grant 2212005,…
Acknowledgments Writing of this chapter was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01-DK-412174 (F.K.G.), R01-DK-33209 (F.K.G.), and R01-DK-73638 (F.K.G. and H. Xu). The mammalian intestinal tract undergoes dramatic changes during the first few weeks of postnatal life. Genetic and…
Acknowledgment Thanks to Micah Iticovici for helping with figure development. In this chapter, we will focus on the morphologic and biochemical events in three mechanisms of cell death: apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. The importance of these mechanisms in intestinal homeostasis…
Acknowledgment This work was in part supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (DK052230, DK093680, CA084197, and CA172113). 8.1 Components of the Cell Cycle A typical eukaryotic cell cycle contains several distinct phases, which progress in an orderly…
7.1 Introduction The gastrointestinal (GI) tract must maintain a barrier to food antigens and the microbial communities within the gut, while continually producing an array of specialized cell types to carry out digestive, absorptive, and regulatory functions unique to each…
6.1 Notch Pathway Overview The Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway present in all metazoans that influences a wide range of developmental and physiological processes, including the maintenance of self-renewing adult cells and tissues. Since Notch is a…