Zika and Other Neglected and Emerging Flaviviruses

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Introduction We live in an age of constant change, due, to a large degree, to the continuing threat of infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. This recently emerged pandemic coronavirus has spread throughout…

Introduction Omsk hemorrhagic fever is an acute disease caused by the Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) and is prevalent in some areas of western Siberia. OHFV is one of the tickborne flaviviruses that is known to cause hemorrhagic fever, in…

Introduction Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) is present in Saudi Arabia and surrounding regions. It has 89%–92% homology with Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), found primarily in India. Genome sequencing has revealed that AHFV and KFDV are very similar in…

Introduction The two lineages of Powassan virus (POWV) are the causative agents for Powassan neuroinvasive disease. A POWV Lineage 1 was initially isolated in 1958 in Powassan, Ontario, Canada, from the brain of a young boy who died of encephalitis.…

Introduction and History The name of louping-ill virus (LIV) is derived from the old Scot word “to loup” (“leap”), in reference to an uncoordinated gait and tendency to jump seen in afflicted animals. Shepherds in the early 19th century knew…

Introduction to Tickborne Encephalitis Virus and Its History Tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most important tickborne arboviruses in Central and Eastern European countries, Russia, and parts of Asia, infecting at least 13,000 people annually despite the fact…

Neglected Flaviviruses of Latin America Ilhéus and Bussuquara Viruses Ilhéus virus (ILHV) is found in humans and animals and is distributed over large areas of South and Central America, including Brazil, Peru, French Guyana, Columbia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guatemala, Panama, and…

Introduction Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is one of several mosquito-borne flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis virus complex that causes severe disease in humans. It is restricted to a small region of Oceania and, with the exception of travel-related cases,…

Introduction and History USUV was first identified in South Africa in Culex naevei mosquitoes in 1959 and subsequently spread to regions thousands of kilometers apart, such as Senegal, Central African Republic, Nigeria, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, and Morocco. At…