Introduction Gender identity is biological. Transgender individuals have gender identities that differ from the sex recorded at birth. Gender identity is a person’s intrinsic sense of being male, female, neither, or a combination of both. , Transgender is an umbrella…
Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Breast cancers are molecularly classified into luminal A, luminal B, basal-like, and HER2-enriched breast cancers. Clinically, breast cancers are classified as hormone receptor-positive, HER2 positive, or triple negative. The…
Diabetes Mellitus Pregnancy is a diabetogenic state. Control of maternal glucose metabolism is shared by the mother and the fetoplacental unit. Changes such as insulin resistance and reduced peripheral glucose uptake provide a continuous supply of glucose for the developing…
Introduction Definition Pregnancy loss (PL) refers to the spontaneous demise of a pregnancy before reaching viability. Definitions for recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) vary between two and three losses, and whether confirmation by ultrasonography or histopathology is required. , A clinical…
Introduction Severe primary dysmenorrhea, repeated episodes of ovulation and retrograde menstruation, and pelvic endometriosis visualized by laparoscopy probably represent the early and progressive stages of the same disease process. An average patient with endometriosis suffers from its symptoms for decades.…
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Abnormal uterine bleeding affects up to one-third of reproductive-age women and accounts for a third of all outpatient gynecologic visits. The Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d’Obstetrique (FIGO) has created a classification of causes of abnormal uterine…
Pituitary Disorders Hypopituitarism from pituitary tumors and trauma tends to follow an order of hormone loss: first GH, then LH/FSH, followed by TSH, and last ACTH . Serum prolactin elevations from stalk compression rarely exceed 250 ng/mL . Dopamine agonists…
Introduction Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse, affects 8 million couples in the United States, of which up to 50% have a male contributory factor. Overall, up to 12% of men of…
Fertility is defined as the capacity to conceive and produce offspring. Infertility is the state of a diminished capacity to conceive and bear offspring. In contrast to sterility, infertility is not an irreversible state. In the past, infertility was defined…
Introduction Understanding the clinical significance and pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has evolved over more than 175 years. The first description of enlarged, polycystic ovaries surrounded by a smooth capsule occurred in 1844 and was followed by similar observations,…