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Outcomes and quality-of-life measures in pelvic floor research
Introduction Outcome measures are the tools used to determine the efficacy, safety, and side effects of a treatment. Researchers assess outcome measures before and after treatments to determine their relative efficacy. Clinicians can use outcome measures to track the success…
Urology for the urogynecologist
Basics of urinary stone disease Introduction One out of 13 women will become symptomatic with a kidney stone in her lifetime; that incidence is rising in the United States resulting from the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Often, the…
Bladder drainage and urinary protective methods
Introduction Patients who undergo surgery for urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse may require catheterization postoperatively because of voiding difficulty. Patients with neurogenic bladder, dysfunctional voiding, or intractable incontinence may require intermittent or indwelling catheterization for long-term management. Three catheterization…
Lower urinary tract fistulas
Historic perspectives The earliest evidence of gynecologic fistula dates back millennia, to Queen Henhenit, one of the wives of King Mentuhotep II of Egypt (11th Dynasty, c. 2050 bc). In his dissection of the mummy at the Cairo School of…
Urethral diverticula
Introduction For years, investigators who described their experience with urethral diverticula stated that more general awareness of this condition must prevail to improve its identification. Urethral diverticula can be difficult to diagnose. They are often overlooked as a source of…
Lower urinary tract infection
Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections, affecting 150 million people each year worldwide. Annually, UTIs result in 10.5 million office visits (constituting 0.9% of all ambulatory visits) and 2 to 3 million emergency…
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome
Introduction Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a heterogeneous and symptom-based condition marked by bladder or urethral pain and associated lower urinary tract symptoms, especially urinary frequency and urgency, in the absence of infection and other demonstrated pathology. Tremendous efforts…
Voiding dysfunction in women
Introduction Lower urinary tract dysfunction describes various problems related to the bladder’s ability to store or empty urine. Voiding dysfunction refers specifically to bladder emptying problems. Urinary retention is the inability to complete the voiding phase of the micturition cycle,…
Neurourology and compliance abnormalities
Introduction The primary functions of the urinary bladder are storage and emptying, which are mediated by a combination of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and autonomic signaling (see Chapter 3 ). Bladder compliance is the ability of the bladder to accommodate changes in…