Introduction Examination of urine is one of the oldest medical tests, used by Samarians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Indians, and Greeks in their traditional medicine. It was not until after Papanicolaou and Marshall published the first article in 1945 that urine cytology…
Carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the fourth most common malignancy in men, accounting for an estimated 60,490 new cases and 12,240 cancer deaths in the United States in 2018. Significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment…
Embryology and Anatomy Embryology The common excretory ducts (the dilated segments of the mesonephric ducts distal to the ureteral buds) become absorbed into the urogenital sinus after the fourth week of gestation. Their epithelium merges toward the midline and forms…
Introduction Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the kidney is a useful technique for diagnosing a specific subset of renal lesions. Most renal lesions in adults are either benign cysts (based on their radiographic appearance) that can be left alone or…
The renal pelvis and ureter are muscular conduits lined by urothelium that function to propel urine from the renal calyceal system to the urinary bladder. The ureter and renal pelvis are affected by developmental, reactive, and neoplastic disorders. The developmental…
The first renal neoplasm was reported nearly 200 years ago. In 1953, about eight renal tumors were described in a well-known textbook on surgical pathology. As a consequence of the contributions of numerous investigators over many decades, the most recent…
“Study with me, then, a few things in the spirit of truth alone so we may establish the manner of Nature’s operation. For this essay which I plan, will shed light upon the structure of the kidney. Do not stop…