For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Glaucoma in children is a rare, potentially blinding condition. Characterized by elevated intraocular pressure-related damage to the eye, it is caused by a diverse group of…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Cataracts, which are opacities of the crystalline lens, are an important problem in children worldwide. The incidence varies, but in the UK the adjusted cumulative incidence…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Anatomy The crystalline lens, like the cornea, has two principal optical properties: transparency and refractive power. Its structure reflects this. It is a transparent, biconvex, avascular mass…
For video s accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Corneal surgery in children is challenging and there is reluctance to perform these procedures due to poor outcomes. However, modern imaging modalities and surgical techniques…
Abnormalities of the cornea may be classed as an abnormality of shape or opacity. The etiology determines the management of any associated visual loss or amblyopia. Abnormal Corneal Shape Keratoconus Keratoconus is the most common corneal dystrophy, affecting about 1…
Introduction Anterior segment developmental anomalies (ASDA) are rare but potentially visually devastating. It is important for the pediatric ophthalmologist to know about certain important features when faced with a child with ASDA. It is worth remembering that if there is…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Although rare, several conjunctival tumors can occur in the pediatric population. These tumors range from benign lesions, including the most common, conjunctival nevi, to malignant lesions such…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Anatomy The conjunctiva is a thin, translucent, vascular mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eyeball as far…
Introduction Non-infectious orbital inflammation in childhood is uncommon. As in adults, the commonest cause is thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). The remainder can be divided into: (1) specific forms of inflammation, which include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, previously called Wegener granulomatosis), sarcoidosis,…
Cystic Lesions A variety of cystic lesions may occur in and around children's orbits. By far the commonest is the dermoid cyst, but other cystic choristomas may occur, including those lined by conjunctival and respiratory epithelium. Other cystic lesions include…