Genesis The term torticollis is derived from the Latin terms torus , meaning “twisted,” and collum , meaning “neck,” and it refers to the posture that results from the head being twisted and turned to one side. This is most…
Genesis Congenital compression of the chin against either the chest or intrauterine structures may limit the growth of the jaw before birth, and when asymmetric, jaw retrusion is more commonly left-sided ( Fig. 23-1 ). If the compression is of…
Genesis Overfolding of the upper helix and/or other parts of the cartilaginous auricle are common constraint-related deformations, as is flattening of the ear against the head ( Figs. 22-1 and 22-2 ). Prolonged constraint of the external ear may also…
Genesis A small nose may result from constraint-related limitation of nasal growth in a face presentation, transverse lie or from compression resulting from a small uterine cavity. A compressed nose is also a feature of oligohydramnios and severe crowding, such…
Genesis Scoliosis is the most common deformity of the spine, and it is defined as a lateral curvature of the spine that is 10 degrees or greater on a standing coronal radiographic image. Congenital scoliosis is caused by a failure…
Genesis Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum are the most common abnormalities of the thorax. The incidence of pectus excavatum is between 1 and 8 per 1000 persons, and pectus carinatum is two to four times less frequent than pectus excavatum,…
Genesis Lung hypoplasia implies an abnormal reduction in the weight and/or volume of the lung without the absence of any of its lobes; this condition is different from agenesis or aplasia of the lungs. Lung hypoplasia can result from various…
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Genesis Eventration of the diaphragm is defined as the abnormal elevation of the diaphragm. It may originate from a congenital defect or may be acquired. Congenital eventration is a rare developmental abnormality characterized by muscular aplasia or hypoplasia of the…
Genesis The frequency of brachial plexus palsy has been decreasing with improved obstetric management from 1 per 1000 births before 2000, to 0.5 per 1000 births after 2000. Supraclavicular traction or stretching of the brachial plexus during delivery can injure…