KEY POINTS Dislocation of the radial head is the most common congenital anomaly of the elbow. The direction of bowing of the ulna depends on the type of dislocation of the radial head, and if an abnormal position is initiated…
KEY POINTS Hyperextension of the leg with dislocation at the knee may result from the legs being in an extended posture with breech presentation, oligohydramnios, or other unusual late gestational constraint, and it can also occur in various genetic connective…
KEY POINTS Certain risk factors warrant close surveillance for congenital hip dislocation: positive family history, breech presentation, firstborn children, female gender, accompanying postural deformations, and certain postnatal positioning. All gradations of dislocation, from a partially stretched, dislocatable hip to a…
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KEY POINTS Excessive femoral anteversion results from medial rotation of the femur after birth. Surgery consisting of femoral derotation osteotomy is usually only contemplated in children older than 8 years with insufficient spontaneous correction, particularly children with diplegic cerebral palsy.…
KEY POINTS Rotational abnormalities of the lower extremities (in-toeing and out-toeing) are common in young children, and abnormal rotation is termed torsion . In-toeing is caused by one of three types of deformities: metatarsus adductus (during the first year), internal…
KEY POINTS Flexible flatfoot is common in children and influenced by age, weight, and gender. This deformity usually becomes evident with weight bearing and is often caused by ligamentous laxity and strongly associated with genetic connective tissue disorders. Treatment of…
KEY POINTS Constraint of the feet while the legs are in a flexed and folded position can result in medial overlapping of the toes, especially the fifth, fourth, and third toes. Congenital curly toes are relatively common, asymptomatic soft tissue…
KEY POINTS Over the past 25 years there has been a dramatic shift away from extensive surgical releases to manipulative methods with serial casting. The term idiopathic talipes equinovarus is used to describe the most common type of isolated clubfoot…
KEY POINTS Metatarsus adductus is the most common pediatric foot deformation related to intrauterine constraint. The feet turn inward, but the ankle and heel are generally in normal position with a flexible heel cord. In mild and flexible cases, manipulative…