KEY POINTS Congenital compression of the chin can limit jaw growth before birth and result in asymmetric jaw retrusion. An asymmetric mandible can be secondary to an altered cranial base or a condylar abnormality secondary to genetic or environmental factors.…
KEY POINTS Congenital ear deformities are common, with an incidence as high as 58% of all newborns. Congenital ear anomalies are divided into malformations and deformations. Malformations involve chondro-cutaneous defects, while deformations involve mechanically distorted architectural anomalies of the newborn’s…
KEY POINTS Nasal deformities can result from constraint or a birth-related trauma in newborns. Nasal septum deviations must be distinguished from deformities of the whole nose. Spontaneous correction of nasal deformities can occur within the first 3 months of life.…
KEY POINTS External fetal constraint rarely causes persistent scoliosis but can result in infantile idiopathic scoliosis that responds to physical therapy. Congenital scoliosis is caused by a failure of vertebral segmentation, which may lead to progressive spinal deformity with growth.…
KEY POINTS Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum are the most common abnormalities of the thorax. The incidence of pectus excavatum is between 1 and 8 per 1000 persons, and pectus carinatum is two to four times less frequent than pectus…
KEY POINTS Lung hypoplasia implies an abnormal reduction in the weight and/or volume of the lung without the absence of any of its lobes. Decreased lung weight and volume can result from fewer bronchial branches, reduced numbers of alveoli, decreased…
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KEY POINTS Eventration of the diaphragm is defined as abnormal elevation of the diaphragm, which can originate from a congenital defect or be acquired. Acquired eventration caused by injury to the phrenic nerve with resultant paralysis and elevation of the…
KEY POINTS The frequency of brachial plexus palsy has been decreasing with improved obstetric management. Lesions that affect the upper segments (C5–C7) result in Erb palsy, whereas lesions that affect the lower spinal segments (C7–T1) result in Klumpke palsy. Traction…
KEY POINTS Traumatic facial nerve palsy has been associated with birth weight greater than 3500 g, forceps-assisted deliveries, and prematurity. When facial nerve paralysis is of developmental origin, it may be part of a broader pattern of altered morphogenesis. Facial…