Introduction In the field of male reproductive surgery, optical magnification is crucial due to the microscopic anatomic structures. The microsurgeon gains advantages with tools and technology for ease of use and ergonomics. These surgical procedures had fairly poor outcomes due…
Introduction Augmentation cystoplasty is traditionally indicated for small-capacity, poorly compliant bladders, refractory to more conservative treatment strategies. Aggressive pharmacological therapies with anticholinergics or β3-mimetic drugs, intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin, and sacral neuromodulation have reduced the need for augmentation cystoplasty…
Introduction Ureteral strictures may arise from a multitude of etiologies including ischemia, iatrogenic trauma, noniatrogenic trauma, retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF), radiation, malignancy, or ureteral calculi. Surgical reconstruction is necessary to preserve renal function due to the risk of prolonged hydronephrosis as…
Fistulae of the urinary tract: Vesicovaginal, ureterovaginal, and rectourethral A fistula is an epithelialized or endothelialized connection between two or more organs. Frequently, it will be named after the organs or systems affected. Some fistulae can be made intentionally to…
Introduction With increasing social acceptance of the transgender community, the number of trans-identifying patients is increasing in the United States, with an estimated 0.39% to 2.7% of the US population identifying as transgender or gender nonbinary. Expanding insurance coverage of…
Robotic reconstruction Bladder neck reconstruction and posterior urethroplasty have posed a major challenge in surgical reconstruction for urologic surgeons. Often, these patients present with a previous history of radiotherapy or ablative interventions for other pathologies that have resulted in obstructive…
Introduction Retroperitoneal lymph lode dissection (RPLND) forms an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of testicular cancer. , Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens have revolutionized the treatment of testicular cancer, and consequently the role of surgery has changed. However, their combined role…
Introduction Partial cystectomy is an uncommonly performed procedure with oncologic and functional indications that determine surgical approach. Because of the risk of tumor spillage with urothelial cancers, it is rarely indicated in the management of this malignancy, but the approach…
Radical cystectomy for the treatment of muscle-invasive or high-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer must include extended lymphadenectomy to improve pathological staging and surveillance. When we refer to extended lymphadenectomy, it includes internal, external, and common iliac artery stations. An anatomical understanding…
Introduction Use of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has significantly increased over the past decade in favor of open and laparoscopic approaches. Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy in Patients with Bladder Cancer (RAZOR), an open-label noninferiority study, has further…