Viral agents are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis—a syndrome of acute vomiting and diarrhea associated with inflammation of the stomach and small and large intestines. Among children, viral gastroenteritis remains a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality…
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the contributions of L. K. Pickering to previous editions. Most infections of the gastrointestinal tract manifest as diarrhea , a clinical syndrome of diverse origin associated with frequent loose or watery stools often accompanied by emesis,…
Sexual abuse is the persuasion or coercion of a child to engage in sexually explicit conduct. In 2018, sexual abuse accounted for 7% of the 677,529 children in the US found to be either abused or neglected. It is estimated…
Epididymitis Epididymitis, an inflammatory reaction of the epididymis to infectious or noninfectious stimuli, occurs across a wide age range in pediatric patients and may present in combination with testicular inflammation (epididymo-orchitis). Predisposing factors, clinical presentation, and etiologies differ by age…
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the ascension of microorganisms through the female genitourinary tract system. Historically PID has been linked to sexually transmitted disease (STD) pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae , but other organisms…
Clinicians will encounter urethritis in adolescent and young adult (AYA) men and women as well as other lower genital tract syndromes in females, including vulvovaginitis and cervicitis. Although there are multiple etiologies, these syndromes are commonly caused by sexually transmitted…
In children and adolescents, inguinal lymphadenopathy often occurs as part of generalized lymphadenopathy caused by systemic disease. In contrast, isolated inguinal lymphadenopathy commonly results from localized infections of the groin, buttocks, lower abdominal wall, or lower extremities. Firm or fixed…
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), while youth age 15–24 account for only one-quarter of the sexually active population in the US, they are responsible for nearly half of the 20 million new sexually transmitted infections…
Infections of the genitourinary tract in children remain a significant health concern, accounting for 52–56 hospitalizations per 100,000 children with the majority of these children <2 years old, and more than 1.1 million US physician visits annually. Of all infectious…
The finding of even some eosinophils in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) raises the suspicion of certain pathologic states. Helminthic infestation of the central nervous system (CNS), particularly with the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is the most common cause of eosinophilic…