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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) has broad indications in pediatrics, including treatment of cancer, primary immunodeficiency syndromes, bone marrow failure syndromes, hemoglobinopathies, and an assortment of genetic conditions, including inborn errors of metabolism and nonmalignant conditions such as osteopetrosis. Patients…
Solid-organ transplantation (SOT) is an accepted therapy for end-stage disease of many organs. As transplants are increasingly common, an expanding number of immunosuppressed children are at risk for developing infection after transplantation. This chapter will help establish a framework regarding…
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Laura Sass and M. Gary Karlowicz for their extensive work on the previous edition of this chapter. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality for infants cared for in…
Neonates, like older children and adults, are subject to viral infections acquired by horizontal routes, such as those due to influenza, rotavirus, and enteroviruses. In addition, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is a unique route for vertical spread of viruses in the…
Description of Pathogens Neonatal sepsis accounts globally for approximately 3 million cases annually with a mortality of between 11% and 19%. These figures are derived from several high-income and a few low-income countries, thus, the true impact is significantly higher.…
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Historically, infection has been a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Progress in disease prevention in recent decades has reduced the burden of bacterial infection to the third-most common cause of neonatal death world wide and fifth most common…
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking arthropods that transmit a variety of pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Along with mites, ticks are arachnids of the subclass Acari. They comprise more than 800 species in two major families within the suborder…
Contact with animals can provide significant educational and emotional benefits for children and adults. However, exposure to pets in the home and animals in public settings poses potential risks to children, including allergies, injuries and transmission of pathogenic organisms. Risks…
In the United States, it is estimated that 5 million bites occur every year, 90% of which are dog bites. Dog bites alone result in approximately 335,000 emergency department visits (42% among children <14 years of age), 13,000 hospitalizations, and…