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Introduction A ranula is an extravasation mucocele that arises in the floor of mouth secondary to trauma to the sublingual gland or obstruction of the salivary ducts. The term ranula is derived from the Latin word rana , meaning frog,…
Introduction Salivary endoscopy is a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory salivary gland pathologies. The procedure has been in practice globally since the early 1990s. The small high-resolution telescopes are in their fifth generation of…
Introduction The breadth of office-based procedures continues to expand within the field of otolaryngology. Office-based procedures allow for prompt, low-cost diagnosis and management of many otolaryngological conditions. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a well-established procedure, which provides prompt and accurate…
Introduction Parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism has a success rate of 90% to 95% among experienced surgeons. However, management of persistent hyperparathyroidism following surgery can be challenging. Careful preoperative analysis of factors that lead to the failure of the initial surgery…
Introduction Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a consequence of the decreased concentration of ionized calcium in the blood, which may have many causes. SHPT is characterized by increased compensatory parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion due to the malabsorption of intestinal calcium mainly…
Introduction The parathyroid glands are usually found adjacent to the thyroid gland and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases serum calcium levels by enhancing bone resorption, increasing calcium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidneys, and converting calcidiol to…
Introduction Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted from the parathyroid glands and is primarily responsible for calcium homeostasis. The mechanism by which this occurs is through renal tubular reabsorption, bone resorption, and formation of calcitriol from calcidiol in the renal tubular…
Introduction Thyroid cancer is a curable disease with increasing incidence and treatment strategies. This corresponds with the widespread use of screening modalities and improved health care availability. With more cases being detected in early stages, the incidence of invasive thyroid…
Introduction Prior to the 20th century, thyroid surgery was associated with a high operative mortality rate. The meticulous surgical technique advanced by Kocher in the late 1890s transformed thyroidectomy into a safe operative procedure associated with a 1% mortality rate.…
Introduction Open thyroidectomy incorporated a midline skin crease was first popularized by Kocher in 1906; since that time it has remained the standard surgical technique for thyroidectomy. This approach provides the most direct route to the thyroid bed and offers…