Autonomic control of the heart is achieved by a complex, multilevel, interconnecting network involving central and peripheral reflexes. This network is made up of aggregates of neurons in intrathoracic (intracardiac and extracardiac) ganglia, extrathoracic sensory ganglia (nodose, dorsal root ganglia,…
Introduction One of the most beautiful words is touch; it exquisitely represents our need to prove ourselves that we are not in a dream! Mehmet Murat Ildan Feelings aroused by the touch of someone’s hand… work on both the unconscious…
Acknowledgments Writing and editorial assistance was provided to the authors by Andrew Fitton, PhD, and Kakuri M. Omari, PhD, of Evidence Scientific Solutions, Philadelphia, PA, USA, and was funded by Allergan plc. Overview of Dry Eye Disease Signs, Symptoms, and…
Aged related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are two degenerative diseases that affect mainly the photoreceptors layer, rendering the retina unable to translate light into biological signals and causing blindness in patients. In the United States, 700,000 new…
Acknowledgments This chapter is an update of the chapter with the same title in the first edition of this book. Parts of the update were drawn from several recent publications, including and . Author BSW is a consultant for MED…
Acknowledgments Parts of this chapter were drawn or adapted from several publications by the authors, including , and . Author BSW is a consultant for MED EL GmbH and author MFD is a consultant for Advanced Bionics LLC. However, none…
Historical Perspective Over a century of elegant experiments have culminated in demonstrating that mammalian spinal networks have sophisticated neural networks which intrinsically contain the necessary information to generate locomotion, and these central pattern-generating networks are viable targets for recovery after…
Neuroprosthetic Options for Restoring or Improving Ambulation Improving truncal stability is ranked as one of the highest priorities for functional improvement by individuals with paraplegia and tetraplegia alike ( ), and within 10 years of thoraco-lumbar-level spinal cord injuries, individuals…
Historical Perspective The first modern practical application of neuroprostheses to move paralyzed limbs was to correct foot drop in hemiplegic subjects ( ). Based on the success of the Lubjliana foot-drop system, became the first to apply electrical stimulation in…
Introduction Approximately 795,000 people suffer a new or recurrent stroke annually in the United States, with 87% of strokes caused by cerebral ischemia ( ). Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and indirect costs resulting from…