Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been utilized in the clinical setting for more than three decades. During this time, the technology has continued to evolve to improve image quality, acquisition time, and patient comfort. These changes have yielded MRI…
Overview Neural stimulation is an established therapy for the treatment of chronic pain ( ), movement disorders ( ), epilepsy ( ), and urinary and bowel control ( ), and is now being investigated for numerous other psychological and neurological…
Background The International Neuromodulation Society defines therapeutic neuromodulation as “the alteration of nerve activity through the delivery of electrical stimulation or chemical agents to targeted sites of the body” ( ). Neuromodulation is often used to replace surgery with implanted…
Introduction Implantable neurostimulators are the tools used by clinicians to execute the various and diverse neuromodulation therapies. Just as it is important for the engineers developing these stimulators to understand the diseases, disorders, and injuries the devices will treat, so…
Introduction The neural interface can be unidirectional or bidirectional. It is the bridge between the biotic and abiotic systems where information from an engineered system is transferred to the neural system and/or information from the neural system is transferred to…
Introduction The pelvic visceral organs perform essential excretory functions that are mediated by complex neural circuitry in the brain and spinal cord. Accordingly, injuries or diseases at various sites in the nervous system can produce prominent changes in micturition and…
Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve The vagus nerve is the 10th cranial nerve, which is a mixed nerve consisting of approximately 80% afferent and 20% efferent fibers ( ). A schematic overview of the anatomic pathways is provided in Fig.…
Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge Penelope S. Duffy, PhD, for her substantial scientific writing and editing contributions, without which this chapter would not have been possible. Introduction The modern history of the therapeutic application of high-frequency electrical stimulation to…
Authorship Statement All authors made a substantial contribution to the study’s concept and design and approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Statement Drs. Kramer, Kent, and Cusack are employees of St Jude Medical. Introduction Electrical neuromodulation…
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