General Principles 1. What is sleep? Sleep is a dynamic physiologic process that affects physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development; however, the exact mechanisms that occur during sleep are not fully understood. The sleep cycle consists of an alternating pattern…
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Philip Kurle, MD, and Paul Rutecki, MD, for coauthoring the previous version of this chapter in Neurology Secrets. Description and Classification 1. What is the etymology of epilepsy ? Epilepsy comes from the Greek…
General Principles 1. What is the prevalence of headaches? Having had any type of headache is a near universal experience, with a lifetime prevalence of 90% and a 1-year prevalence of over 50% (migraine 12% and tension type 38%). Migraine…
Acknowledgment The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of Yvonne Kew, MD, who was the author of this chapter in the previous edition. Primary Brain Tumors 1. How are brain tumors classified? Unlike most other malignant cancers, which are…
Introduction 1. What is neurocritical care? Neurocritical care is a branch of critical care medicine that deals with the intensive care management of patients with life-threatening disorders due to either neurologic and neurosurgical illnesses or other systemic diseases affecting the…
Stroke Basics 1. What is a stroke? Stroke is a focal disturbance of blood flow into or out of the brain, either primarily ischemic (87%) or hemorrhagic (13%). Stroke is not a single disease but the end result of many…
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Heike Schmolck, MD, PhD, and Salah Qureshi, MD, who contributed to this chapter in previous editions. Memory and Amnesia 1. What are the different stages of fact-based memory storage, such…
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General Considerations 1. How is dementia defined? How do definitions vary? Dementia is generally regarded as an acquired loss of cognitive function due to an abnormal brain condition. The National Institutes of Health criteria (formerly the National Institute of Neurological…
Diseases of Myelin 1. What is myelin? Myelin is the proteolipid membrane that ensheathes and surrounds nerve axons to improve their ability to conduct electrical action potentials. Oligodendrocytes make central nervous system myelin and wrap the myelin around axons, leaving…