Abstract Infection with the gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi ( S . Typhi) or S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A, B, or C ( S. Paratyphi A, B, or C) may result in a serious febrile illness known as enteric…
Abstract Vibrio cholerae is a noninvasive small intestinal pathogen that produces cholera toxin, resulting in severe acute watery diarrhea in humans. Vibrio are gram-negative bacteria that live in marine and freshwater environments, and the O1 and O139 serogroups of V.…
Abstract Acute diarrhea associated with travel is referred to as travelers’ diarrhea (TD) and is the most frequent illness among travelers. TD is defined as an acute illness associated with an increase in frequency and change in stool form (loose…
Abstract Yellow fever (YF) is a vector-borne disease resulting from the transmission of the YF virus to a human from the bite of an infected mosquito. It is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America. Infection in humans can…
Abstract Malaria is a bloodborne protozoan parasite mostly transmitted from person to person by bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite a substantial reduction in the malaria burden observed since 2010, largely attributed to effective…
Abstract Travel in the broadest sense means going from one place to another, especially journeys to distant or unfamiliar places, and the theme of travel being associated with exposure to exotic infectious diseases (IDs) has been a recurring one throughout…
Abstract Bacterial vaginosis (BV), the most common cause of vaginal discharge in the United States, is not traditionally described as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) but is well documented to be sexually associated. In the United States, two STIs—chancroid and…
Abstract Syphilis is a complex systemic disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum . Syphilis is transmitted sexually or congenitally and can involve nearly every organ system. Its clinical progression involves several well-characterized stages: (1) an incubation period…
Abstract Diagnosis of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), commonly known as gonorrhea, is important because the sequelae of untreated gonorrhea can include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), perihepatitis, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain in women and epididymitis or infertility…
Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects mucosal surfaces of humans, including oropharyngeal, anogenital, and conjunctival surfaces. C. trachomatis can be classified through molecular typing into strains causing ocular infections (trachoma), nonulcerative oropharyngeal and/or anogenital infections (chlamydia),…