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Cholangiocarcinoma
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Gallbladder Cancer
Although highly lethal, gallbladder cancer is extremely rare. The annual incidence in the United States is less than 7000 cases, and it is the fifth most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When the diagnosis of carcinoma of the…
Periampullary Cancer
Periampullary cancers are defined as cancers arising within 2 cm of the papilla of Vater. The term “periampullary” includes a heterogenous group of neoplasms arising from the pancreas, duodenum, distal common bile duct, or structures of the ampullary complex ( Fig.…
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
The sphincter of Oddi (SO) is a smooth muscular structure usually 7 to 13 mm in length encircling the distal common bile duct (CBD) and the pancreatic duct (a common channel opening into the ampulla of Vater). The three functions of…
Choledocholithiasis and Cholangitis
Stones in the common bile duct (CBD) are either primary or secondary. Primary stones are formed de novo in the CBD as a result of bacterial action on phospholipid and bilirubin (see Chapter 134 ). Secondary stones, including cholesterol and…
Chronic Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are classified into three types based on presentation: (1) silent gallstones, in which gallstones are detected accidentally and are truly asymptomatic; (2) symptomatic gallstone disease; and (3) abdominal symptoms mimicking cholelithiasis but caused by a comorbid condition…
Cholecystitis: Complications
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Acute Cholecystitis
Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder after persistent obstruction of the gallbladder outlet from an impacted stone, resulting in increased gallbladder pressure, rapid distention, decreased blood supply, and gallbladder ischemia, with subsequent bacterial invasion, inflammation, and possible perforation (…
Gallstones
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Anatomy and Function of the Gallbladder
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