Netter's Gastroenterology

The most frequently encountered anomaly in the newborn is esophageal atresia (EA), which occurs with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). These lesions occur together in 96% of cases except in the case of H-type fistulas ( Fig. 2.1 ). The…

Topographic Relations of the Esophagus The pharynx ends at the level of the cricoid cartilage and the sixth cervical vertebra (C6) and where the esophagus begins ( Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 ). On average, the esophagus is 40 cm (16 inch)…