Key points Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a modality that employs the Doppler effect to assess muscle wall characteristics throughout the cardiac cycles including velocity, displacement, deformation, and event timings. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) is a non-Doppler technique that…
Key points Echocardiography is useful for the assessment of systemic blood flow and myocardial function. Systemic blood flow is a dynamic and complex variable. Blood flow through persistent fetal shunts influences cardiac output measurements from both ventricles. Superior vena cava…
Key points The use of Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CPU) in the care of sick and preterm neonates is rapidly expanding. The benefits of a portable, bedside technique that provides real-time, longitudinal data regarding the physiology of individual patients and allows…
Key points The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis in the critically ill preterm or term infant. Prematurity, an adverse intrauterine environment, and intrinsic fetal factors, such as congenital heart disease (CHD), may impact the…
Key points A period of systemic and cerebral hypoperfusion in the immediate postnatal period predisposes the extremely preterm infant to peri-/intraventricular hemorrhage (P/IVH). Cardiovascular immaturity and maladaptation after birth contribute to postnatal hypoperfusion. Ventilatory support, especially inappropriately high mean airway…
Key points Cardiorespiratory transition at birth is a complex series of changes in which the lungs replace the placenta as the organ of gas exchange and the main source of preload to the left side of the heart. Lung aeration,…
Key points Highlighting the importance of understanding physiology prior to prescribing medications will enable the provider to choose the preferred regimen for each particular patient. Extrapolating data from older pediatric populations and adults must be done with caution, considering the…
Introduction Cardiopulmonary interactions are crucial considerations in the intensive care management of critically ill neonates. The understanding of the impact of mechanical ventilation on the heart and lungs permits the prediction of a neonate’s response to the initiation or modification…
Key points In the context of neonatal care, invasive or noninvasive measurement of blood pressure can be accomplished with acceptable precision across all gestational age categories. Gestational and postnatal-age-dependent population-based normative blood pressure ranges are available. However, their usefulness in…
Key points Multiple mechanisms operate to regulate blood flow to organs – these are also important in the newborn. Distribution of cardiac output is actively regulated. Autoregulation may best be described as a degree of capacity rather than an on-off…