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Diabetes
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Emergency childbirth
When a woman is ready to give birth, the contractions of labor are usually intense and uninterrupted, or separated by intervals of less than 3 to 5 minutes. If the child to be born is not the woman’s first, labor…
Problems of the penis and testicles
Painful testicle If a male complains of a painful testicle, examine both testicles. Look for discoloration or swelling. If a testicle has been injured by a blow, provide support with an improvised jockstrap and apply cold packs. If a testicle…
Disorders of the kidneys, bladder, and prostate
Bladder infection Bladder infection (cystitis, sometimes called urinary tract infection [UTI]) occurs more frequently in females than in males, because the shorter female urethra does not protect the bladder from bacteria as efficiently as does the male organ. A person…
Problems of ovaries and vagina
Ovarian infection The ovaries and fallopian tubes ( Figs. 141 and 142 ), which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus, might become infected, commonly with Mycoplasma genitalium , or with the bacteria ( Neisseria gonorrhea ) that cause…
Abdominal pain
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Inhalation injuries
Inhalation injuries include thermal (heat) and chemical (smoke, noxious gas) inhalations. A third type of inhalation injury is aspiration (inhalation) of stomach contents; blood; or ocean, river, lake, or pool water into the lungs. The severity of the injury is…
Burns
Definitions ( Fig. 132 ) First-degree burn (superficial). This is a burn that involves the outermost layer of skin, the epidermis. It is often quite painful. The skin is reddened, but there is no blister formation. When a large surface…
Amputation
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Fractures and dislocations
A bone fracture (break) can be simple (one clean break) or comminuted (multiple breaks or shattered) ( Fig. 58 ). Furthermore, it might be closed (skin intact) or open (“compound,” with the skin broken, often with the bone visible in…