Introduction Facial aging is complex and occurs at all tissue levels, from the underlying skeletal scaffolding, through the musculature, adipose tissue, and skin. Advances in aesthetic medicine now allow us to not only recognize specific changes in these tissue layers,…
One of the most important components of any antiaging treatment plan is topical skin care. A basic skin care regimen includes a cleanser, moisturizer, and sunscreen. Moisturizers that contain beneficial ingredients are called cosmeceuticals and can be used to improve…
This chapter was created using the content from Neligan & Rubin, Plastic Surgery 4 th edition, Volume 2, Aesthetic, Chapter 5.3, Injectables and resurfacing techniques: Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A), Michael A. C. Kane. Introduction There are many components to the process…
History and Introduction As noted by Pessa, “there are many arbitrary definitions of what constitutes a youthful face but the appearance of youth is not arbitrary; it is simply difficult to define” . In an effort to solve any problem,…
Introduction The anatomy of the face is fairly constant. Variant anatomy is seen in the thickness of the soft tissue layers, and in the size and orientation of cartilaginous structures such as the nasal cartilages (nose), tarsal plates (eyelids), and…
Embryogenesis Embryogenesis is a dynamic multiple-step process that begins when an oocyte from a female is fertilized by the sperm from a male (the pre-embryonic period). The first 2 weeks after fertilization focus on rapid proliferation and differentiation of the…