B-Mode Ultrasound of the Normal Carotid Artery Wall The carotid artery wall is composed of three layers: the intima, the media, and the adventitia. The intima is the innermost layer abutting the lumen. It is thin and is covered with…
Introduction The vascular system of the human brain differs significantly, both anatomically and physiologically, from that of other organs. Although it accounts for only 2% of the body weight, the brain receives 15% of the cardiac output and consumes 20%…
Introduction In this chapter, we review the concepts and principles necessary for understanding and interpreting color Doppler images and pulsed Doppler waveforms and discuss the key elements needed for the interpretation of Doppler spectral waveforms. This includes a study of…
Introduction This chapter serves as an introduction to the physical and technical aspects of vascular sonography, including the following: (1) ultrasound principles, (2) transducers, (3) instruments, (4) advanced features, and (5) Doppler principles. These subjects are discussed in greater detail…
Overview The human circulatory system is extremely complex. Blood flow is influenced by many factors: 1. The heart influences the strength and amount of ejected blood. 2. The elastic arteries store energy during systole and maintain blood flow during diastole.…