Questions 1 What is obstructive sleep apnea? Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway inspiratory collapse during sleep causing hypopnea and apnea leading to oxygen desaturation and arousals from sleep. 2 How…
1 What are the four main mechanisms by which drug-induced hypertension may occur? See Fig. 13.1 : Sympathomimetic activation Volume retention via mineralocorticoid activation Direct vasoconstriction via increased vasoconstrictors, decreased vasodilators, or upregulation of the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT…
Questions 1 What is renovascular hypertension? Renovascular hypertension (RVH) is the elevated blood pressures resulting from significant obstruction to renal artery blood flow and decreased renal perfusion pressure. 2 What is the prevalence of RVH? RVH accounts for 1% to…
Questions 1 How does acromegaly cause hypertension, and when should it be suspected? Acromegaly is caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) usually from the pituitary with peripheral target organ mediation through the excess production of insulin like growth factor…
Questions 1 What are pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma? Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are differentiated based on anatomical location. Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the adrenal medulla. Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors that arise from extraadrenal sympathetic or parasympathetic paraganglia. Therefore paragangliomas…
Questions 1 What are glucocorticoids? The adrenal cortex secretes three major types of steroid hormones, each produced in one of three concentric cortical layers, also known as zones. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal…
Questions 1 What is the most common identifiable cause of resistant hypertension? Resistant hypertension, defined as elevated blood pressure (BP) despite the concurrent use of three antihypertensive drug classes at maximum tolerated dose or controlled BP on four or more…
Questions 1 Which organs are most affected by elevated blood pressure? Heart Brain Kidneys Eyes 2 How does hypertension effect target organs? Elevated blood pressure over many years can cause damage to several organs due to the direct effects of…
Questions Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure 1 What are the two components of measured blood pressure and what do they represent? An individual’s blood pressure, or systemic arterial pressure, refers to the pressure measured within large arteries in the systemic…
Questions 1 What is the prevalence of hypertension? Hypertension is a major global public health problem and is estimated to impact nearly a third of the world’s population (1.13 billion people). In the 1970s, higher-income Western countries were known to…