In the United States, approximately 1 in 10,000 children sustain abdominal trauma each year. Approximately 8000 children are hospitalized with liver and/or spleen injury each year, and kidney and pancreatic injury account for an additional 600 and 200 admissions per…
Trauma is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Although it accounts for a minority of trauma injuries (4–25%), thoracic trauma is associated with a 20-fold increase in mortality when compared with injured children without thoracic trauma. Isolated…
Trauma remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States in children ages 1–14 years. In 2015, it continued to result in more death and disability than all other childhood diseases combined, as nearly 4000 pediatric patients…
In 1953, a 49% total body surface area (TBSA) burn produced an expected mortality of 50% in a child. Today, the percent TBSA burn producing that same mortality is estimated at 99%. Despite several major advancements in burn care, burns…
Bites A wide variety of bites are seen in children. It is estimated that more than 1 million children are treated annually for bites ( Table 12.1 ). Much of the data on the incidence of infections and value of…
Esophageal Foreign Bodies Foreign body (FB) ingestions are a common occurrence in infants and young children. The exact incidence is unknown because many cases are not reported. In 2015, the Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers…
Fetal surgery represents the therapeutic interventions on the maternal-fetal dyad for the benefit of the fetus. The evolution in fetal intervention began with advances in prenatal imaging techniques and genetic testing that allowed clinicians to make early and accurate diagnoses…
Infection continues to be a significant source of mortality and morbidity for children despite improvements in antimicrobial therapy, aseptic surgical technique, and postoperative intensive care. Widespread unchecked antibiotic use has led to the development of more resistant organisms, leading to…
Obtaining vascular access of any kind is especially challenging in children. A peripheral intravenous (PIV) cannula is the most commonly used device for venous access. Placement of an intravenous catheter in children can be quite traumatic to the child, the…
Amazingly, ventilation via tracheal cannulation was performed as early as 1543, when Vesalius demonstrated the ability to maintain the beating heart in animals with open chests. This technique was first applied to humans in 1780, but there was little progress…