Hepatic tumors in children are relatively rare. The most common malignant hepatic neoplasms are not primary tumors but rather metastatic lesions such as Wilms tumor, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma (NB). Primary liver tumors make up 1–4% of all solid tumors in…
Neuroblastoma is the most common solid extracranial malignancy of childhood and the most common malignant tumor in infants. The overall incidence of neuroblastoma is 1 per 100,000 children in the United States, thereby accounting for 7–10% of all malignancies diagnosed…
Renal tumors are the second most common abdominal tumor seen in infants and children behind neuroblastoma. They represent a wide spectrum from benign to extremely malignant tumors ( Box 64.1 ). These tumors include Wilms tumor (WT) (also referred to…
The significant improvement in cure rates for pediatric malignancies over the past 30 years could not have occurred without the development of multimodality therapy and the cooperative efforts of surgeons, pediatric oncologists, and radiation oncologists. In the 1940s, with the…
Differences of sexual development (DSD), congenital conditions in which the development of the infant/child’s chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomic sex are atypical, are among the most fascinating conditions confronting the pediatric urologist, gynecologist, and surgeon. Our understanding of these conditions and…
Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also named Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare multisystem congenital disorder with a triad presentation of urinary tract dilation, deficient abdominal wall musculature ( Fig. 61.1 ), and bilateral undescended testes. Frohlich (1839) first described the distinct…
Circumcision (removal of the redundant prepuce) is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in the world. There is a wide variability in the rate of circumcision among different populations. A lack of consensus regarding the function of the…
Hypospadias is the second most common congenital abnormality of the genitourinary tract in males after cryptorchidism. It is characterized by a urethral meatus that opens on the ventral surface of the penis proximal to the end of the glans. The…
The exstrophy–epispadias complex (EEC) is a spectrum of embryologic abnormalities. Diagnoses within the EEC range in severity from those involving only one organ to others that are a part of a larger complex of defects. The spectrum includes: ▪ Epispadias—the…
Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are the most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) in boys, with an incidence of 1 in 5000–8000 male births. Although the majority of boys with PUV are diagnosed antenatally, approximately one-third will be…