Obesity has become a major health problem worldwide and it’s an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. The World Health Organization classifies obesity into class I BMI (body mass index) 30.0–34.9, class II 35.0–39.9, and class III 40 or…
Roughly one in five pregnant women are obese and this number is increasing. High maternal weight gain in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and foetal outcomes. These risks are increased in mothers who are already obese at booking. Strategies…
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21.1 Introduction 1. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally and nearly tripled worldwide between 1975 and 2016. 2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight, and…
20.1 Introduction Obesity is associated with various conditions, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, asthma, and arthritis. All these conditions contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in gynaecology surgery. Obese women with metabolic syndrome (specifically hypertension and diabetes) who…
19.1 Introduction Menopause is an inevitable component of ageing and encompasses the loss of ovarian reproductive function, either occurring spontaneously or secondary to other conditions. This has a significant influence in women’s quality of life and the likelihood of healthy…
18.1 Introduction 1. Obesity and osteoporosis are two important problems affecting global health with a high impact on both mortality and morbidity. 2. Both have multifactorial aetiologies, including genetic and environmental components, with potential interactions between them. 3. Obesity is…
17.1 Epidemiology 1. Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent female cancer, responsible for 15% of all cancer deaths in women worldwide. 2. 33% of BCs in post menopause are due to obesity. 3. Linear association between obesity and overall…
16.1 Overview 1. Cancer development is stimulated by genetic components, environmental exposures, and lifestyle exposures; all impact the cellular microenvironment and initiate carcinogenesis. 2. Links between obesity and cancer have been documented for hormonally influenced cancers such as endometrial and…
15.1 Introduction 1. The concept “clinical psychosomatic” brings together and emphasises the connection between mind and body as being relevant to clinical medicine when evaluating diseases that affect both physical and mental health concomitantly. 2. It accounts for the fact…