Introduction Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) depend on dialysis to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. In hemodialysis, solutes diffuse between blood and dialysate such that, over the course of the procedure, plasma composition is restored toward normal values. The…
Introduction During the provision of contemporary hemodialysis, the dialysate flows through the dialysate chamber of a dialyzer, which separates the toxic substances from the bloodstream into the dialysate via diffusion. The dialysate is composed of solute electrolytes in solvent water.…
Introduction During hemodialysis (HD), solutes and water are removed through a semipermeable membrane using different separation mechanisms (diffusion, convection, adsorption, and ultrafiltration). The traditional classification scheme for dialysis membranes has been based broadly on composition and water permeability. However, advances…
Perhaps the most fundamental prescriptive question is how much dialysis is enough? On the surface, this question seems simple. However, this veneer of simplicity is misleading and belies myriad complexities and nuances. The question’s apparent simplicity stems from its bounded…
Introduction Dialysis is arguably a successful life-sustaining therapy. This unique, extracorporeal therapy has granted millions of people years of life after kidney failure. Hemodialysis (HD) is presently the most utilized form of renal replacement therapy around the globe. Even as…
Acknowledgments Some data reported in this chapter have been supplied by the USRDS. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of…
Introduction The progressive loss of kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by the retention of a host of metabolites due to a decrease in kidney clearance and sometimes in nonkidney clearance that is accompanied by unaltered, if…
Introduction End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) constitutes an ever-increasing threat to public health. Since the publication of the last edition of this book in 2015, complex trends have continued to evolve in the epidemiology of ESKD and maintenance dialysis. In this…