The primary function of the elbow is to help position the hand in space. This is achieved by means of three joints: the radiocapitellar, humero-ulnar and proximal radio-ulnar joints. The functional range of movement has been described by Morrey et al…
Core Procedures Surgical Exposures Around the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Arm Approaches to the shoulder girdle Approaches to the shoulder joint Medial extensile exposures Distal (brachial) extensile exposures While arthroscopy has allowed access to the glenohumeral, sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints…
Core Procedures Axillary dissection Sentinel node biopsy Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) procedure Removal of tail of Spence during total mastectomy The lymph of the upper limb, most of the breast, and the skin of the trunk above the umbilicus (that…
Core Procedures Excision of a lump from the neck Exploration of the supraclavicular brachial plexus Excision of the first rib Exploration of the infraclavicular brachial plexus Anaesthetic nerve blocks Surgical surface anatomy The margins of the posterior triangle, the superior…
The upper limb functions as a series of articulated segments, which act in a coordinated manner to allow the hand to manipulate and sense its surrounding environment. The degree of coordination of these movements is such that the hand can…
Core Procedures Epidural injections: commonplace in obstetrical anaesthesia, as well as in the treatment of radiculitis throughout the spine Epidural catheterization: permits continuous administration of an anaesthetic agent Lumbar puncture: single injection of local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space via…
Core Procedures Posterior Approach Microdiscectomy Foraminotomy Laminectomy Posterolateral fusion (PLF), posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) Vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty Lumbar osteotomies Lateral Approach Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) Anterior Approach Anterior lumbar…
Core Procedures Direct posterior exposure Costotransversectomy Transpedicular approach to the thoracic disc space Anterior open transthoracic exposure Endoscopic approach to the thoracic spine Lateral extracavitary approach Trans-sternal approach to the cervicothoracic junction Surgical surface anatomy There are limited reliable surface…
Core Procedures Anterior and posterior approaches to the occipitocervical region Anterior and posterior approaches to the subaxial cervical spine Main indications for cervical spine surgery include excision of herniated discs with either a subsequent fusion or disc replacement, excision of…
Core Procedures Anterior and posterior cervical foraminotomy Lumbar microdiscectomy Lumbar laminotomy and foraminotomy Endoscopic foraminotomy and discectomy Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) A number of surgical procedures are performed in and around the foramina of the spine, commonly in the…