The nervous system has two major divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve and retina, and contains the majority of neuronal cell bodies. The PNS…
Cells evolved as single, free-living organisms, but natural selection favoured more complex communities of cells, multicellular organisms, where groups of cells specialize during development to carry out specific functions for the body as a whole. This allowed the emergence of…
Cell Structure General characteristics of cells The shapes of mammalian cells vary widely depending on their interactions with each other, their extracellular environment and internal structures. Their surfaces are often highly folded when absorptive or transport functions take place across…
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Medical images constitute a source of information essential for disease diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. In addition, because of its patient-specific nature, imaging information represents an important component required for advancing patient-tailored precision medicine into clinical practice. By characterizing patient anatomy,…
How long is a generation? This is a debate that simmers in the disciplines of anthropology, genetics and genealogy. Generations can be very short, with both males and females becoming parents in their early teens, or very long, with men…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces images by first magnetizing a patient in the bore of a powerful magnet and then broadcasting short pulses of radiofrequency (RF) energy at 46.3 MHz that resonate mobile protons (hydrogen nuclei) in…
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This chapter brings together the regional descriptions of the arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels and their draining nodes that appear in the relevant sections of Chapter 24, Chapter 79 . The text is not illustrated: all cross-referenced figures and videos…
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of spinal and cranial nerves, their associated ganglia (autonomic and sensory) and their ramifications that transmit afferent and efferent information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. It…