Definition Osteoporosis is defined as a skeletal disorder that is characterized by compromised bone strength and that predisposes to an increased risk for fracture. The pertinent clinical outcomes of this disease include fractures, bone pain, loss of height, and physical…
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Definition Intimate partner violence is defined as any behavior that is within an intimate relationship or ex-relationship and that causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm. Such behaviors can include physical aggression, such as hitting, kicking, and beating; psychological violence, such…
Definition Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses and is the culmination of a process of reproductive aging that typically occurs in the fifth to sixth decades of life, with a median age of 52.5 years. Epidemiology Menopause…
Of the over 70 million women of reproductive age in the United States, women are increasingly entering pregnancy at a later age. The mean age was 27.1 years in 2020, up from 23 years in 1994. Pregnancy, which has always…
Contraceptive Use Contraception enables people to avoid unwanted fertility by preventing pregnancy. Methods can be classified in many ways. Some classification schemes distinguish among mechanisms (e.g., barriers to the encounter of sperm and ovum versus methods that prevent ovulation); other…
An approach to the care of women must go beyond an understanding of differences in the incidence of disease between men and women. Providers need to consider the impact of sex differences (differences based on genetic and hormonal differences) and…
The Normal Menstrual Cycle Endometrium The endometrium undergoes histologic and cytologic changes that culminate with menstrual bleeding when the corpus luteum ceases to secrete progesterone ( Fig. 218-1 ). The basal layer of the endometrium then regenerates the superficial layer…
Definition The ovaries or female gonads episodically release female gametes (oocytes or eggs) and secrete sex steroid hormones, principally estradiol and progesterone but also various androgens. Oocytes are released only during the adult reproductive years, when the secretion of sex…
Male Reproductive Physiology The testis is a bifunctional organ that serves as the site for synthesis of sex steroids (mainly testosterone) and the production of sperm. Androgens and their metabolites (including estrogens) also act on nonreproductive organs and serve essential…