Acknowledgments Our work reported in this chapter is supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand, the National Institutes of Health, the Lottery Health Board of New Zealand, the Auckland Medical Research Foundation, and the Neurological Foundation of New…
Acknowledgments We thank Drs. Billie Short, Nickie Andescavage, and Nneka Nzegwu (Division of Neonatology, Children’s National Hospital); Dr. Taeun Chang (Neonatal Neurology Program, Division of Epilepsy, Neurophysiology & Critical Care, Children’s National Hospital); and Dr. Hideo Jinno (Center for Neuroscience…
White Matter Injury in the Preterm Neonate Preterm birth is a major public health issue affecting an estimated 13 million babies worldwide; one in eight deliveries in the United States are now preterm. Over the past two decades, improved neonatal…
Introduction Germinal matrix hemorrhage–intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is the commonest form of intracranial hemorrhage in the newborn and is characteristic of the premature infant. The incidence of IVH in premature infants was documented to decline from very high rates of 34%…
Introduction Despite the evolution of new technologies for assessing neonatal brain function, electroencephalography (EEG) remains one of the most valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools. It is considered the gold standard for distinguishing epileptic seizures from nonepileptic paroxysmal events and for…
Introduction It is well known that preterm birth is associated with increased risks of brain injury and impaired brain development resulting in impairments in motor, cognitive, and behavioral function. However, the focus has traditionally been on brain injury patterns in…
Acknowledgments Ruth Grunau’s research is supported by the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) and a Senior Scientist salary award from the BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute. Simon Beggs’ research is supported by the Medical Research Council (MRC, UK) and…
Introduction This chapter reviews advances in our understanding of the roles of neurotrophic proteins, retinoids, folate, lipids, and thyroid and steroid hormones in neural development. These molecules play central roles in the regulation of neuronal and glial lineages; when they…
Acknowledgments Some of the work on which this chapter is based was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01-HD34618 and 1R01-HD-057100. Introduction The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selective diffusion barrier that maintains central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis…
Introduction When the brain is exposed to stress, a number of adaptive responses can act to reestablish homeostasis. However, when the stress is severe and/or the endogenous protective processes are not sufficiently effective, the cell will die. , Cell death…