Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces a complex array of immunological/inflammatory cellular responses. Primary and secondary insults activate the release of cellular mediators including proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, free radicals, and complement activators. These processes induce chemokines and adhesion molecules, which…
Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most common of serious, disabling neurological disorders. The consequences of trauma to the brain may be a wide variety of pathophysiological effects, a range of severities, and a multitude…
Introduction: The Road From X-Ray to Magnetic Resonance Imaging The field of radiology and diagnostic imaging (as it is referred to now) has progressed through some revolutionary scientific innovations in the past century. With every breakthrough, while the diagnostic capabilities…
Introduction Anesthesia for neuroradiology forms an important part of neuroanesthesia services. This entails adequate understanding of the 4 P s; patient, pathology, procedure, and periprocedural environment. Both the number and complexity of diagnostic and interventional cases performed in neuroradiology under…
Introduction Awake craniotomy is a procedure in which the patient is awake for some period of time to allow for neurological testing. This concept is not new and developed along with the concept of brain mapping, which was initially used…
Introduction Functional neurosurgery is a neurosurgical procedure done for improvement of symptoms by making small well-circumscribed lesions or through neuromodulation by brain, spinal cord, or nerve stimulation. It involves surgical management of central nervous system (CNS) disorders that do not…
Introduction Endoscopy allows direct vision of brain structures without the need for large cranial openings. Neuroendoscopic transcortical intraventricular approach, adopted in the early 1920s thanks to Walter Dandy among all, has permitted neurosurgeons to access deep structures within both the…
Introduction History The endoscope was used for the first time in the treatment of hydrocephalus by L’Espinasse in 1910. Later, Dandy pioneered this technique and was named, “the father of neuroendoscopy.” Soon, the endoscope found its place for various neurosurgical…
Introduction Postoperative visual loss (POVL) after nonocular surgery is an uncommon but devastating complication. POVL is most common after cardiac surgery followed by prone spine and head and neck procedures, with a national incidence ranging from 0.03 to 0.28% in…
Introduction Over the past few decades, spinal surgery has evolved into an extremely specialized field; highly complex instrumentation procedures are increasingly being performed, across all age groups, and often through minimally invasive approaches. Needless to say, successful outcome of these…