Key points Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) with cutting-type needles has replaced EUS-fine-needle aspiration (FNA) as the current gold standard for optimal tissue acquisition. EUS-FNA with or without cell block remains an excellent alternative when access to FNB is…
Key points Anal endosonography (AES) is simple to perform and visualizes the anal sphincter complex, notably the external and internal anal sphincters. AES is able to image sphincter tears and defects. AES can also characterize sphincter morphology and determine muscular…
Key points The importance of nodal status guiding therapeutic decision making is increasingly recognized for rectal cancer. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) fine-needle aspiration or biopsy (FNA or FNB, respectively) is recognized as being an essential component of locoregional clinical staging. Although…
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Key points In patients with low-to-moderate clinical probability of common bile duct (CBD) stones, EUS or MRCP is recommended before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed. In patients with acute pancreatitis of unknown origin or right upper quadrant pain with…
Key points The differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions is wide: the majority of these lesions are benign, but detection of mucin-producing pancreatic cysts (IPMNs and MCNs) is important because these cysts have malignant potential and may harbor pancreatic adenocarcinoma.…
Key points Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is the most sensitive imaging modality for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, especially lesions less than 2 cm in size. EUS is also the most sensitive imaging modality for the detection of small pancreatic…
Key points EUS imaging is subjective and often nonspecific in inflammatory diseases of the pancreas; therefore, the clinical history and presentation are important when making a final diagnosis. EUS fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in inflammatory diseases of the pancreas is predominately…
Pancreas Successful pancreatic imaging requires the ability to image the entire gland. In general, the body and tail of the pancreas are imaged through the posterior wall of the stomach, and, in most cases, the transgastric approach provides images of…
Key points EUS can accurately differentiate a mural lesion from extrinsic compression against the gut wall. Imaging diagnosis of subepithelial lesions with EUS is based on its layer of origin and internal echo characteristics. Contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS and EUS elastography…