Optic Nerve Decompression The Evolution of Optic Nerve Decompression Although endoscopic transnasal surgery has become a widely used method for optic nerve decompression, its emergence would not be conceivable without technological advances in modern endoscopic surgery. Improvements in optics, instrumentation,…
Endoscopic orbital decompression was developed soon after the advent of endoscopic sinus surgery. The technique was first described by Kennedy et al. in 1990 and Michel et al. in 1991 and has gained popularity over the past several decades, now…
Orbital decompression surgery is being increasingly used in the treatment of urgent and nonurgent complications related to Graves ophthalmopathy. An understanding of the specific indication for pursuing surgery is critical in deciding the optimal timing of the surgery, formulating the…
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the periocular soft tissues. TED is associated with Graves disease (GD) and is synonymous with Graves orbitopathy/ophthalmopathy and thyroid-related orbitopathy/ophthalmopathy, among other names. The term TED is used by…
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the definitive treatment for epiphora caused by nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). The procedure creates a functioning passageway for tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity by bypassing the obstructed nasolacrimal duct. The cause of NLDO…
Epiphora in the pediatric population often originates from a disorder of the lacrimal drainage system. In most cases, the cause is congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO), which often presents during the first year of life, with a prevalence ranging from…
Pearls Outcomes after revision endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endoscopic DCR) are excellent and the preferred approach when possible. Endoscopic DCR allows the surgeon to thoroughly evaluate the neo-ostium and address concomitant nasal pathology at the time of surgery in a minimally invasive…
Diseases within the tear duct system can interfere with tear drainage and result in epiphora. Poor drainage with secretion retention may result in inflammation and infection. In the majority of cases, epiphora is attributed to an outflow obstruction of the…
Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy Nasolacrimal duct dysfunction, whether by lacrimal pump failure or nasolacrimal obstruction, prevents the flow of tears through the lacrimal system, resulting in epiphora. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a commonly performed procedure for cases of nasolacrimal duct dysfunction. The endoscopic…
In the evaluation of patients with acquired tearing, the first step is to assess whether epiphora (tearing caused by insufficient drainage) or lacrimation (hypersecretion of tears) is the cause of tearing. Systematic examination helps isolate the cause of acquired tearing…