Summary of Key Points Transcranial Doppler (TCD) can be performed, with or without imaging. Four windows are available after closure of the anterior fontanelle—temporal, orbital, transforaminal, and submandibular. Physiologic variables including age, gender, hematocrit, viscosity, carbon dioxide, temperature, blood pressure,…
Summary of Key Points Duplex sonography is a valuable, functional addition to anatomic sonography of the pediatric brain. Various quantitative metrics can be extracted from the flow curves, including peak systolic, end-diastolic flow velocity, time average maximum mean blood flow…
Summary of Key Points Brain ultrasound of premature infants is best performed for germinal matrix hemorrhage and hydrocephalus at 10 to 14 days of life and for cystic periventricular leukomalacia at 30 days of life. The best time to assess…
Summary of Key Points There is a significant association between cervix length and the risk of preterm birth. A cervical length of more than 3 cm has a high negative predictive value for delivery at less than 34 weeks' gestation. The…
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Summary of Key Points Accurate assignment of gestational age to a pregnancy is important for several reasons, including timing of screening tests for aneuploidy, monitoring fetal growth and diagnosing growth disturbances, and scheduling of delivery by elective induction or cesarean.…
Summary of Key Points Hydrops is defined as an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in at least two body cavities (pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial) or one body cavity in association with anasarca (generalized massive edema). Placentomegaly and polyhydramnios are common…
Summary of Key Points Two-dimensional ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for the majority of musculoskeletal disorders. When a fetal musculoskeletal dysplasia is suspected on ultrasound, referral to a center with expertise may be helpful. A main role of ultrasound…
Summary of Key Points Evaluation of amniotic fluid volume (subjective assessment combined with semiquantitative methods such as maximum vertical pocket or amniotic fluid index) provides important information about some maternal and fetal conditions, as well as placental function. Sonographic findings…
Summary of Key Points The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and abdominal wall anomalies are diverse. Although they may occur in isolation, many are associated with syndromic or karyotype abnormalities; thus it is important to search for associated anomalies. Familiarity with normal…