Summary of Key Points Artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging. Knowledge of artifacts can aid in diagnosis. Understanding ultrasound physics allows for correction of artifacts that distort the visualized anatomy. Chapter Outline ASSUMPTIONS IN GRAY-SCALE IMAGING Velocity of Sound Attenuation…
Summary of Key Points Understanding of the different needs of the parents and the child being treated is essential for pediatric interventions. Multimodality interventional suites allow for procedural guidance with varied modalities at different points during the procedure. Although needle…
Summary of Key Points Ultrasound is the preferred technique in the diagnosis and management of development dysplasia of the hip (DDH). DDH is multifactorial: the highest risk factor is female breech delivery. The two basic methods, morphologic and dynamic, share…
Summary of Key Points Ultrasound is well suited for evaluation of the pediatric pelvis by providing excellent image quality without the use of radiation or the routine use of contrast material and without the need for sedation or anesthesia. Sonography…
Summary of Key Points Successful bowel ultrasound is facilitated by use of high-frequency transducers and real-time viewing of the bowel activity. Oral fluid administration and graded compression techniques help displace interfering bowel gas. Accurate measurement of the pyloric muscle thickness…
Summary of Key Points Ultrasound can reliably characterize renal duplication, fusion, and rotational anomalies. Ultrasound is useful in evaluating renal, ureteral, and bladder anatomy in patients with suspected hydronephrosis. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CEVUS) is a promising technique that may eventually…
Summary of Key Points Infants with neonatal jaundice should be imaged before 2 months of age to optimize surgical treatment of biliary atresia, if present. Steatosis and cirrhosis both attenuate the ultrasound beam, making imaging challenging, but it is important…
Summary of Key Points Ultrasound of the chest plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion and empyema. Real-time ultrasound is very useful in evaluation of diaphragmatic motion disorders. Ultrasound can determine if a neoplastic lesion is…
Summary of Key Points Spine ultrasound is used in the evaluation of neonates and infants (up to 3-4 months) with high- or moderate-risk cutaneous manifestations of closed spinal dysraphism, clinical signs of a tethered cord, or congenital anomalies that are…
Summary of Key Points Ultrasound is an excellent modality to evaluate head and neck masses in children because of its accessibility and lack of ionizing radiation. Lesion location is an important factor to consider in evaluation of head and neck…