Most anatomic descriptions of the cervical carotid artery note a straight course to the skull base free of branches. Although angulated cervical carotid arteries, especially the internal carotid artery (ICA), are a relatively common finding in adults (∼25%), the excessive…
Carotid artery dissections have been increasingly recognized over the last several decades. Their precise incidence is hard to estimate, but it ranges from 2.5 to 3/100,000 population. They account for 2% to 3% of first-time strokes but up to 20%…
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Atherosclerosis is associated with a number of well-recognized systemic risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is a localized rather than diffuse process, however, and preferentially affects certain segments of the arterial tree…