Key Points Lymphomas are the most common head and neck malignancies in children, followed by retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), neuroblastoma, and thyroid cancer. Hodgkin lymphoma is the predominant malignant lymphoma in older children. Although surgery is not the primary treatment modality…
Key Points Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular malformations and vascular tumors. The molecular mechanisms that give rise to vascular anomalies involve disordered angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The most common type of vascular tumor is hemangioma of infancy. Hemangiomas of infancy…
Key Points Accurate diagnosis of salivary gland disorders depends on a thorough history and a good physical examination. Although most salivary gland lesions in children have an inflammatory etiology, the differential diagnosis is vast and includes acute or chronic inflammatory…
Key Points At approximately 4 to 5 weeks of gestation, the area of the embryo’s future face and neck consists of pairs of fingerlike masses of tissue called the pharyngeal arches. The outer surfaces of the arches and the clefts…
Key Points The diagnosis of pharyngitis requires excellent history and physical documentation and appropriate culture and laboratory testing. The majority of sore throats in children are caused by viral pharyngitis, which will not improve with antibiotics or tonsillectomy. Corynebacterium diphtheriae…
Key Points Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in children has a negative effect on quality of life. Distinction between adenoiditis and CRS in children is difficult because of similar symptoms and often similar findings on physical examination. In children with chronic respiratory…
Key Points Vestibular and balance impairment in children is common, especially in the setting of sensorineural hearing loss. Detecting vestibular and balance deficits in children can be challenging. A screening assessment can be an effective tool for identifying children at…
Key Points Microtia/congenital aural atresia (CAA) can occur in conjunction with ocular, cervical, cardiac, renal, and other congenital anomalies that must be evaluated and treated if present. The vast majority of patients with CAA have a maximal (60 dB) conductive…
Key Points Normal adult ear height ranges from 5.5 to 6.5 cm; 95% of this height is achieved by 8 to 10 years of age. Microtia encompasses a spectrum of congenital anomalies of the ear. Patients with microtia should be…
Key Points Cochlear implantation (CI) services should be integrated into a well-coordinated early identification and intervention program with multidisciplinary collaborators within the center and surrounding community. The core team includes a surgeon, a pediatric audiologist, and a speech and language…