Key Points The temporal bone consists of four embryologically distinct components: these are squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic . The temporal line is located approximately 5 mm inferior to the lowest level of the middle fossa floor. The mastoid antrum is…
Key Points Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder associated with hypermetabolism, enlargement of the thyroid gland, and exophthalmos. In Graves ophthalmopathy (GO), retrobulbar fibroblasts secrete glycosaminoglycans, causing engorgement of the extraocular muscles and orbital fat and increasing the volume of…
Key Points Surgical robots have evolved from being rudimentary scope holders to currently sophisticated and precise telerobotic systems, with “wristed” technology and true three-dimensional visualization. Adoption of robotic surgery has gained the most widespread adoption for upper aerodigestive tract early…
Key Points Most patients diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism are asymptomatic or are only mildly symptomatic, compared with the classic descriptions of patients with hyperparathyroidism. Calcium levels are regulated by the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin on…
Key Points The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing. Although some of this increase may be attributable to improved detection, other factors may also be affecting the biology and incidence of thyroid cancer. Women are three times more likely than…
Key Points Thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ), produced by the thyroid gland, are iodinated derivatives of tyrosine. Most circulating thyroid hormones are bound to one of several plasma proteins, the most important of which is thyroxine-binding…
Key Points Penetrating neck injury comprises 5% to 10% of all trauma cases. All penetrating neck wounds are potentially dangerous and require emergency treatment. Emergent surgical exploration is necessary for immediate life-threatening signs or symptoms, such as expanding hematoma, hematoma…
Key Points Complications of neck surgery have evolved over time with the introduction of new procedures and philosophies in the management of patients with head and neck cancer. Neck complications can be categorized into four groups: wound, vascular, nerve, and…
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Key Points In the previously untreated neck, lymph node infiltration follows a predictable pattern. Except for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, selective irradiation can be applied for patients with an N0 to N1 neck. Three-dimensional (3D) delineation of the neck levels should be…